We are reminded the British Royal Family's last name is technically Windsor, but that is a relatively new development. Before 1917, royals were usually known by the territory they ruled or the royal house from which they were a member. As the Royal family's website explains. For example, the full name of Queen Victoria's eldest son, king Edward VII, was Albert Edward Sax colberg gotha. That's a mouthful. He inherited het from his father, prince Albert of Sax Colberg and Gotha